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What is the science geography and what this science studies

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Standards for Geography

Geography is the science of space and place on Earth's surface. Its subject matter is the physical and human phenomena that make up the world's environments and places. Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks to understand the world - its human and physical features - through an understanding of place and location. Geography looks at the spatial connection between people, places, and the earth.


The Geography Standards build on using geographic tools as a means for asking and answering geographic questions; recognizing places and regions as human concepts; setting information into a range of spatial contexts; focusing on the spatial patterns of settlements and their resulting political structures; identifying the relationships between people and environments; understanding the physical processes that have shaped Earth's surface and the patterns resulting from those processes; recognizing the characteristics and distribution of people and cultures on Earth's surface; and exploring the networks of economic interdependence and the importance of resources.

Understanding the connection between the environment and people, geography ties together diverse sciences as geology, biology, and climatology with economics, history, and politics based on location.

Geography is an integrative discipline that enables students to apply geography skills and knowledge to life situations at home, at work and in the community. Therefore, these standards should be cross-walked with those in Civics and Government, Economics and History to create an interdisciplinary view of the world. Topics and concepts in geography directly relate to standard statements in Environment and Science, Mathematics, Technology, Civics and Government and Economics and Ecology.
In geography are employed the Five Fundamental Themes of Geography.

These are the Five Fundamental Themes of Geography:


1.Location. The absolute and relative position of a place on Earth’s surface.
2.Place .How physical and human characteristics define and distinguish a place.
3.Human-Environment Interactions. How humans modify and adapt to natural settings.
4.Movement. How people, ideas and materials move between and among locations.
5.Regions. How an area displays unity in terms of physical and human characteristics.

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About Concept of a geographical position

Geographical location - position of geographical object concerning a surface of the Earth, in relation to other geographical objects with which it is in interaction.
Fiziko-geographical position - position in relation to equator, an initial direction, continents, oceans and climatic zone .
Economic-geographical - position in relation to the basic areas and the economy centres, world transport ways and geopolitical position - is an estimation of a place of the country or region on a political map, their position in relation to the various states, the military and economic unions, to various regional conflicts.





What does the geography study?

Terms and concepts

Geography - the science studying a surface of the Earth, layers of substance covering and spreading it which in aggregate form a geographical cover. The geography studies all geospheres in dependence and in connection with a human society. Depending on a studying subject can be physical and economic and as all sciences about the Earth, can be the general and regional.
Geographical cover, landscape cover - a complete and continuous cover of the Earth, an inhabitancy of the person; covers the bottom layers of atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, the top thicknesses lithosphere. A geographical cover - most the general object of geography and sciences entering into it.
Geospheres (from Greek - the Earth and - a sphere) - the concentric, continuous or faltering covers of the Earth differing among themselves on a chemical compound, a modular condition and physical properties:Earth core, asthenosphere, lithosphere, earth crust, hydrosphere, atmosphere and biosphere.
Geoecology a-science studying irreversible processes and the phenomena in an environment and biosphere, resulted intensive anthropogenous influence, and also the consequences of these influences close and kept away in time.

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Geographical sciences

Physical geography - the natural science in a complex studying a natural component of a geographical cover as a whole and the nature of its components. As the science has developed in the XX-th century, but initial representations contained even in works of antique authors. To understanding of physical geography as independent science A.Humboldt has come.
Economic geography, more precisely, social and economic geography (from economy and social, Latin socialis - public) - the geographical science studying placing of a human society and a social production in their interrelation and as a part of a geographical cover. Studies placing and population migration , spatial structure of a world and national economy.


Toolkit of the geographer

Maps (from Greek chartes - leaf, a roll) the-maps of the Earth reduced, the generalised images of a surface of the Earth,
Executed on a plane by means of symbol book by mathematical rules, that is in certain scale and a projection.
The geographical atlas-systematised a collection of maps.




The geographical nomenclature
Eurasia, Europe, Asia, Africa, the North America, the South America, Antarctica, Australia, Pacific ocean, Atlantic ocean, Indian ocean, Arctic ocean.