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[POTATOES]

dark-matter


What we know as space, is in fact, very low mass, dark-matter. Dark-matter is more than five times as abundant as all the matter detected in our visible universe. Mass-atoms, within the universe, are being re-energized by this dark-matter that is being infused from outside our universe, moving at the "speed of light". Photons of light are carried along in all directions by this very low mass, dark-matter dispersion. This atom interaction, produces an ever changing universe, with a past, present, and future.
Also an ever expanding universe. Gravitational forces, are the result of the attraction of dark-matter to the mass of an object. So, re-energized atoms of mass, or (carried-along) photons of light, can never exceed the speed ("speed of light"), of this energizing/injected dark-matter.
Dark matter is the the matter that powers (energizes) atoms. It is everywhere and gives us the ability to live in a universe, that is composed of the past, present, and future. It allows us to have motion(movements) with the continuous refreshing of atoms and photons in the universe,much as a movie projector displays a movie, frame by frame. Space, does not exist, what is thought of as space is actually an invisible substance, very low mass dark matter. Because we're born into the visible universe, it's normal to think of space, as an actual entity, without the ability to step outside our misconceptions, and realize it is actually very low mass dark matter,that is continually refreshing/energizing all the atoms of the universe.
Gravity is the presence of dark matter, surrounding any mass/or massive object,that is necessarily accumulating around an object (as it passes/or prepares to pass through) it,to re-energize it's atoms. The more massive(energy) laden, the body, the greater the gravitational pressure that is exerted by dark matter. The greater the mass of a celestial object, the deeper and stronger the gravitational waves necessary for dark matter to accumulate around, pass through and effectively, continuously, re-energize the atoms. So, this refreshing of atoms action, gives us the function of time-and-space movement.
Dark matter is more than five times as abundant as all the matter detected in our visible universe. It's origin is outside of our universe, which leads to the universe's expansion, and dark-matter is partially, being injected through massive black-holes. The "speed-of-light", is the continuous speed of dark-matter injected into our universe, on which light photons are being carried along. Of course, without dark-matter, the universe would cease to exist.

[fiber]

In my opinion, the dark energy it is remnant of the object before big bang and it is the vectorial field responsible for the electromagnetic, weak and strong interactions. My theory leads to conclusion that this field is composed of the BINARY SYSTEMS of neutrinos. The LOOPS built of the binary systems of neutrinos define the weak and strong interactions. Lifetimes of such loops depend on their radii so range of these interactions is finite.

[Roiglobal]

Most galaxies occupy groups or clusters with from 10 to hundreds of members. Each cluster is held together by the gravity from each galaxy. The more mass, the higher the velocities of the members, and this fact can be used to test for the presence of unseen matter.
Early measurements indicated that galaxies in clusters were moving too fast for the amount of matter estimated from counting the galaxies. This high motion was also detected in other kinematic studies, such as binary galaxies, galaxy rotation and large scale motion of superclusters. This is known as the dark matter problem.
The question that remains is whether dark matter is baryonic (normal) or a new substance.

[Bug]

Exactly how much of the Universe is in the form of dark matter is a mystery and difficult to determine, obviously because its not visible. It has to be inferred by its gravitational effects on the luminous matter in the Universe (stars and gas) and is usually expressed as the mass-to-luminosity ratio (M/L). A high M/L indicates lots of dark matter, a low M/L indicates that most of the matter is in the form of baryonic matter, stars and stellar reminants plus gas.

[Tony26]

A important point to the study of dark matter is how it is distributed.
If it is distributed like the luminous matter in the Universe, that most of it is in galaxies.
However, studies of M/L for a range of scales shows that dark matter becomes more dominate on larger scales.

[Ormin van Bung]

Dark matter, proposed decades ago as a speculative component of the universe, is now known to be the vital ingredient in the cosmos, eight times more abundant than ordinary matter, one quarter of the total energy density and the component which has controlled the growth of structure in the universe. Its nature remains a mystery, but, assuming it is comprised of weakly interacting sub-atomic particles, is consistent with large scale cosmic structure. However, recent analyses of structure on galactic and sub-galactic scales have suggested discrepancies and stimulated numerous alternative proposals.

[Ragoo]

Dark Matter May be Easier to Detect than Previously Thought
(PhysOrg.com) -- The Milky Way, like many other galaxies, is thought to be embedded in massive, lumpy amounts of dark matter that release gamma rays and other emissions. Although at first these emissions seem too faint to detect, recent observations have shown that they may be stronger than previously thought. In a new study, scientists have developed a model that predicts that gamma rays from hundreds of dark matter clumps should be detectable by the Fermi satellite that was launched in June 2008.
here..... cosmology/dark-matter-may-be-easier-to-detect-than-previously-thought-t372.html

[*BaccA*]

The Universe-Dark Matter

[*BaccA*]

Hubble Finds Ghostly Ring of Dark Matter

The most common substance in the universe is called dark matter. It doesn’t shine or reflect light. We can’t even see it.

Image right: This Hubble Space Telescope composite image shows a ghostly "ring" of dark matter in the galaxy cluster Cl 0024+17.
The ring-like structure is evident in the blue map of the cluster's dark matter distribution. The map is superimposed on a Hubble image of the cluster. The ring is one of the strongest pieces of evidence to date for the existence of dark matter, an unknown substance that pervades the universe.
Click image to enlarge. Credit: NASA, ESA, M.J. Jee and H. Ford (Johns Hopkins University)

dark_ring_.jpg (15.51 KiB) Viewed 14 times

It is an invisible substance composed of atoms that are far different from those that make up the universe’s normal matter, such as stars and galaxies.

In fact, if you drove into a wall made of dark matter, you wouldn’t crack a headlight or inflate an airbag. You wouldn’t even know it happened. But what happens to dark matter during a collision?

Astronomers using NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope got a first-hand view of how dark matter behaves during a titanic collision between two galaxy clusters.
The wreck created a ripple of dark matter, which is somewhat similar to a ripple formed in a pond when a rock hits the water.

The ring's discovery is among the strongest evidence yet that dark matter exists.
Astronomers have long suspected the existence of the invisible substance as the source of additional gravity that holds together galaxy clusters. Such clusters would fly apart if they relied only on the gravity from their visible stars.
Although astronomers don't know what dark matter is made of, they hypothesize that it is a type of elementary particle that pervades the universe.

The ring-like structure is evident in a composite image of the cluster made from Hubble observations.
The ring can be seen in the blue map of the cluster’s dark matter distribution, which is superimposed on an image of the cluster.

The Hubble astronomers say it is the first time they have detected dark matter as having a unique structure that is different from the gas and galaxies in the cluster.
The researchers spotted the ring unexpectedly while they were mapping the distribution of dark matter within the galaxy cluster Cl 0024+17 (ZwCl 0024+1652), located 5 billion light-years from Earth. The ring measures 2.6 million light-years across.

Image of the rich galaxy cluster, catalogued as Cl 0024+17, allowing astronomers to probe the distribution of dark matter in space.Image left: This rich galaxy cluster, catalogued as Cl 0024+17, is allowing astronomers to probe the distribution of dark matter in space. The blue streaks near the center of the image are the smeared images of very distant galaxies that are not part of the cluster. The distant galaxies appear distorted because their light is being bent and magnified by the powerful gravity of Cl 0024+17, an effect called gravitational lensing. Click image to enlarge. Credit: NASA, ESA, M.J. Jee and H. Ford (Johns Hopkins University)

Although astronomers cannot see dark matter, they can infer its existence in galaxy clusters by observing how its gravity bends the light of more distant background galaxies, a powerful effect called gravitational lensing.
The blue streaks near the center of another Hubble image of the cluster are the distorted shapes of more distant galaxies, whose light was bent and magnified by the powerful gravity of Cl 0024+17.

The collision between the two galaxy clusters, the astronomers explained, created a ripple of dark matter that left distinct footprints in the shapes of the background galaxies.
It's like looking at the pebbles on the bottom of a pond with ripples on the surface.
The pebbles' shapes appear to change as the ripples pass over them. So, too, the background galaxies behind the ring show coherent changes in their shapes due to the presence of the dense ring. Although the invisible matter has been found before in other galaxy clusters, astronomers say it has never been detected to be so largely separated from the hot gas and the galaxies that make up galaxy clusters.

The astronomers found previous research that suggested the cluster had collided with another cluster 1 to 2 billion years ago. They then created computer simulations of galaxy cluster collisions.
The simulations show that when the two clusters smash together, the dark matter falls to the center of the combined cluster and sloshes back out. As the dark matter moves outward, it begins to slow down under the pull of gravity and pile up, like cars bunched up on a freeway.